2+Introducción

Áreas Verdes Alternativas en el Instituto Alexander Bain

Equipo 2: Natalia Martínez , Paloma Fernández, Ma. Fernanda Mondragón, Emilio Riestra, Ramón Guillén y Enrique Autrique.

Tutor: Miss Paty media type="custom" key="8246012" media type="custom" key="8397940"media type="custom" key="8438088"media type="custom" key="8471146"media type="custom" key="8471164"

 In this presentation, you will find information about the Xitle eruption, and many other things that are related to science in some way. To get to know more about the subject, we had an initial activity, we needed to investigate about the Xitle: Eruption and Environment, we had a conference about the Pedregal de San Angel, we went to visit several places, and we needed to think, and reflect how math was related to this Interdisciplinary Project.  __Initial __ __Activity __

For this activity, they gave us two sheets. The first one had three pictures of Ciudad Universitaria. The second sheet had some questions in order to help us with our reflection.



<span style="color: #cc3399; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">These pictures told us the time and the human development and the increasing of green areas in the zone that are shown in the image. The image that we liked the most was the one that had color because you can appreciate more green areas. We know these images are from Mexico City because the UNAM is shown in these pictures. The climate in these places seems warm rainy because the trees are lush and the landscape is sunny. We can see four types of flora in the color image, in the one that is on top of it we can see three and in the large one we can see four types. More resources are used in the larger image, because the UNAM was just being built, and the territory is larger, that’s why more resources are needed. <span style="color: #00ccff; display: block; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;">Reflexiones de Matemáticas <span style="color: #b2a1c7; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">¿De qué manera están involucradas las matemáticas con el proyecto PI? __<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Emilio Riestra __ <span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Las matemáticas están involucradas en nuestro proyecto debido a que gracias a ella podemos sacar porcentajes de cuántos niños dañan las áreas verdes en el Instituto. Con ellas, podemos calcular la densidad de las áreas vedes en el Instituto de cada alumno. También con ellas, podemos sacar el área total de las áreas vedes que existen en el Instituto. Así cómo esta, podemos sacar muchísimas posibilidades de involucrar las matemáticas con el Proyecto PI. __<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">María Fernanda Mondragón __ <span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Las matemáticas nos van a ayudar mucho con nuestro proyecto PI por varias razones. Primero las matemáticas nos van a ayudar a hacer cualquier tipo de operaciones: sumas, restas, multiplicaciones, etc, y así tener las cantidades deseadas. En segundo nos van a ayudar también a hacer varios tipos de gráficas. Las gráficas las vamos a usar mucho a lo largo del proyecto. Con las gráficas mostraremos diferentes tipos de cantidades y porcentajes. Las matemáticas son necesarias por muchas razones y también nos van a ayudar de otros modos. __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Natalia Martínez __ <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hay muchas maneras de utilizar las matemáticas en el proyecto P.I. Algunas de ellas son: poder visualizar el área y el perímetro en el que vamos a trabajar, ver si el campo de trabajo corresponde a alguna figura geométrica y utilizar las fórmulas que conocemos para saber la cantidad de arboles y pasto que necesitamos para mantenerlas. También podemos utilizar las matemáticas para ver la cantidad de basura que se tira en las áreas verdes y al hacer algo, que cantidad va a disminuir. Podemos ver qué cantidad de agua se va a necesitar por medio de operaciones por cada metro cuadrado de las áreas verdes que ayudemos. También podemos así calcular porcentajes de cuantas áreas verdes en buen estado tenemos y cuantas en mal estado.

__<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Paloma Fernández __ <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Principalmente yo creo que matemáticas es la vida desde un punto de vista. Todo es matemáticas el suelo, el techo, la tele, en fin TODO! Creo que este proyecto es bastante interesante ya que con las acciones que realicemos contribuiremos para salvar a nuestro mundo. Sin las áreas verdes la vida llega a su fin. Por eso tenemos que tomar conciencia y reaccionar ahora! Yo creo que las matemáticas tienen que ver con el proyecto P.I. porque al igual que las matemáticas en la naturaleza todo sincroniza y todo tiene una exactitud en sus procesos. También todas las medidas matemáticas nos pueden ayudar a ver cuantas áreas verdes tenemos, que plantas, cuanto medirá todo y muchas otras cosas más. __<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ramón Guillen __ <span style="color: #00b050; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Las matemáticas están relacionadas con todas las materias, la vida diaria y sin ellas no habría desde un simple reloj hasta una complicada nave espacial. Todas las materias están relacionadas entre sí. Este o cualquier otro proyecto requiere mucho de las matemáticas. Nosotros necesitamos las matemáticas para contar hasta jugar x box o incluso jugar futbol. Las matemáticas nos ayudaran mucho en la vida diaria como en el trabajo, en la escuela o en la casa y por diferentes razones pero ahora necesitamos la ayuda de las mises, alumnos, amigos y familiares para ayudar al medio ambiente y el mundo en el que vivimos. __<span style="color: #2acca2; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 33pt; line-height: 115%;">X ____<span style="color: #d60093; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 33pt; line-height: 115%;">i ____<span style="color: #92d050; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 33pt; line-height: 115%;">t ____<span style="color: #ff3399; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 33pt; line-height: 115%;">l ____<span style="color: #33ccff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 33pt; line-height: 115%;">e ____<span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 33pt; line-height: 115%;">: ____<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 33pt; line-height: 115%;"> E r u p t i o n a n d E n v i r o n m e n t __

<span style="color: #2acca2; display: block; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">One of the main consequences of the Xitle eruption is the formation of Pedregal de San Angel at the south part of Mexico. Cuicuilco, one of the most civilized cities in Mesoamerica was also one of the places that the Xitle lava covered and completely destroyed

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"> <span style="color: #d60093; display: block; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center; textunderline: double;"> __<span style="color: #3399ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%; text-underline: double; textunderline: double;">Environment and ecosystem __ <span style="color: #ff3399; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Before the Xitle erupted, in that same zone, there were forests and plains. An ecological reservoir is a space that is mostly undisturbed by people, and its use is generally restricted to scientific study. The ecological reservoirs are mostly protected because of the importance in their animals and plants of special interest.

<span style="color: #ff3399; display: block; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #9bd200; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">From the explosion of the Xitle Volcano, the flora and fauna that were in that place, were modified forming an endemic type of ecosystem, that means it can’t be found anywhere else in the world, it is the only geographic area in the world that has that type of ecosystem.

__<span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%; text-underline: double; textunderline: double;">Flora and Fauna __ <span style="color: #33ccff; display: block; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #66ccff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nowadays there are 37 types of mammals in the Pedregal San Angel that are: 16 bats and 16 rodents. Also, you can find squirrels, rabbits, opossums, wildcats, weasels and the pumas. There are 106 birds that represent more than the half that fly over Mexico basin. There are a lot of snakes; lizards have also been recorded more than 50 species of spiders and butterflies. In the ecological reservoir of Pedregal de San Angel, exist many types of animals that can’t be found anywhere else in the whole world, and this is also because of its strange type of ecosystem, that was created after the Xitle lava covered the area of Pedregal de San Angel.

<span style="color: #4f81bd; display: block; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #9933ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The ecosystem is formed by the Xitle rock. It has a big reserve with a lot of animals and plants and it has more than 106.88 miles. <span style="color: #e36c0a; display: block; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #c4bc96; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The valley is not at all as it was. It has a wide paved surface that is crowded with lots of environmental problems associated with pollution, waste and wildlife displacement in the region. Today, the city has become the main reason for nature to die.

<span style="color: #ff9900; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Currently, the ecological reserve of Pedregal de San Angel protects more than 700 species of organisms, among which are bacteria, fungi, plants, mollusks, insects, spiders, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Here are seven protected endangered species (the goldfish mexclapique is one of them), an endangered species (the biznaga of chili,), three rare species (one of them the snake Salvadora bairdi) and a species under special protection (the rattlesnake).



<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #9966ff; display: block; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">There are different types of protected areas of flora and fauna. Ecological reserves of Mexico contain about twenty-three million acres protected. In the ecosystem of the Pedregal have been registered three hundred thirty-seven plant species, one hundred forty-eight birds, mammals, thirty-four, twenty-seven species of reptiles and amphibians. The ecosystem of Pedregal de San Angel may be the last natural reserve in the metropolitan area of Mexico.

<span style="color: #33ccff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Xitle volcano eruption was a devastating natural disaster. Like all natural disasters Xitle made big changes in the area, it changed the whole way of life. Xitle eruption completely changed the environment as volcanic rocks covered the place.

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #cc99ff; display: block; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">Every living thing has its own characteristics. Of course living beings who formerly lived in these areas are not the same as they are now, because the environment changed. Earlier in the area which is now called the Pedregal de San Angel, forest meadows and streams had the animals and plants shown below:

<span style="color: #fe0067; display: block; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #3298b8; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fauna: black bear, grizzly bear, wolf, rabbits, armadillos, lizards, weasels, owls, ducks, various kinds of birds and birds among others. <span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Flora: coniferous trees like pine, fir, cypress, moss, fungi, lichens, tall grasses and herbaceous vegetation, among others.

<span style="color: #e36c0a; display: block; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #cc0066; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pedregal de San Angel has a temperate climate. Thanks to this kind of weather, many animal species can survive. <span style="color: #e36c0a; display: block; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"> <span style="color: #ee0077; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;">Pedregal de San Angel was a very different place before the Xitle erupted. With all the information we got, we could know that all the environment, and everything else changed because of this natural disaster, that was the Xitle eruption. We really enjoyed working with this project because we learned, and investigated about things that we didn’t know about. Maybe we knew a little bit, but not as much as we know now.

<span style="color: #92d050; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;">We had two conferences about the Pedregal that made us understand and learn about things we never thought we would know. __<span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Flora and Fauna of the Pedregal” Conference __

<span style="color: #66ccff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">• We had this conference because it was about the ecological reservoir of Pedregal de San Angel. Right now in our PI project we are investigating about Green Alternative Areas for the Alexander Bain Institute. <span style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">• We learned lots of things out of this presentation, and this information will be useful for the rest of our very important sixth grade project. <span style="color: #c4bc96; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">We learned about: • The type of animals that exist there; the type of plants; and how they behaved. <span style="color: #22aaa7; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">• How many of them are and the name of some of the species.

<span style="color: #22aaa7; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #b2a1c7; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;">• How many types of species from the same animal can be found there.

<span style="color: #e5b8b7; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;">• What type of people work with those kinds of jobs.

<span style="color: #ff66ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;">• The areas of the university that work with the ecological reservoir. <span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;">• What do they do in each one; and that there are hundreds of species that only exist in Pedregal de San Angel, so we need to take good care of it.



<span style="color: lime; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;">•Between 1600 and 2000 years ago, almost next to the cuicuilcas, a volcano named Xitle exploded, and covered almost all in volcanic rock (lava).

<span style="color: #ee0077; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;">•Before this happened, the cuicuilcas lived in a zone that was covered by forests, meadows and plains, but it turned into an endemic, strange type of ecosystem that we can’t find anywhere else in the world. <span style="color: #3298b8; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;">•Also, now, there are just small trees and many kinds of little bushes.

<span style="color: #99cc00; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•There are two main weather seasons that can be observed in the Pedregal de San Angel. Those are dry and rainy.

<span style="color: #8db3e2; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: center;">•When the season is dry, is particularly on months of February and March. One type of trees that grow in this season is called “Palo Loco” grows flowers on its top, because it takes advantage of the space that trees that get dry in that season don’t occupy. In this season there is almost no water, it is very difficult to achieve it and all because of evaporation.

<span style="color: #7a5e9c; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;">•When it is rainy, many type of insects go out to mate, so also spiders go out to hunt and mate. Also, the trees and plants grow and turn very green. You can see that area getting beautiful. Trees and plants grow, they turn greener, insects go out, spiders go out, many types of animals go out, it just changes a lot. <span style="color: #b2a1c7; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: center;">•Seeing such a radical change of climate in the same ecosystem, of course there are several consequences. One is the wildlife and vegetation. <span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•Every living thing on this planet needs different life conditions, so a drought adapted animal is not possible to survive in the wet season, and a wet animal is not possible to survive in a drought season as well. But a very favorable result is that it's good to have two types of flora and fauna two scams, completely different, that’s the great part about it. <span style="color: #99cc00; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">﻿﻿ <span style="color: #95b3d7; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•Some of the animals that can be found in the ecological Reservoir of Pedregal de San Angel are: more than 40 types of butterflies, more than 30 types of bees, many rattle snakes, cacomixtles, opossums, rats, squirrels, and many, many other types of animals. For example, in a glass of mud, you can find more than 600 types of bacteria, so the soil is also very rich in animals. <span style="color: #d99594; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;">•There are some people that study arthropods. The arthropods are invertebrate animals that have exoskeleton and have lots of articulations joining their legs, and parts of their body.

<span style="color: #cc0066; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;">•In this reservoir, you can also find many pollinizing insects, such as bees and butterflies. They are called pollinizing insects because they pollinate the plants with another plant’s pollen. Without the pollinizing insects, flowers couldn’t survive; only the Aphrodite could survive. <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;">•Bees can only pollinate some types of plants. Others have the pollen too hidden, and they can’t get there. That’s where the butterflies are useful; because of their long “mouth” they can get deep inside and capture the pollen, so they are helping to pollinate those plants.



<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;">Before the Xitle erupted, there were forests and meadows so there were plants just as pines, oyamels and all the flora existed in this ecosystems. The colonizing plants were really important for now all the plants existed in this area, Pedregal de San Angel. The colonizing plants grew in rocks, very deep into the rock; there were little spaces of land full of nutrients, water, and the ground. These colonizing plants were small, and their fig roots don’t need too much of everything (ground, water, nutriments, etc. so that helped them survive. The special thing about them was that these plants started to “break” the rock. When they did this they gave space for future plant generations that will occupy the space. That’s why the Pedregal de San Angel has really different species of plants; thanks to the colonizing plants.



<span style="color: #cc99ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;">The ecological reserve of the Pedregal de San Angel is a very large extension of land cover of green areas. This reserve is the only green area that is left after the eruption of the volcano named “Xitle”. We consider this reserve very important because of the animals and vegetation that live there, they are unique. The botanic garden is a type of a little ecosystem represented in a little garden located at the “UNAM”. What the botanic garden does is to investigate how the Mexican vegetation works, and to make easier the botanic investigation for humans. In this garden the scientists concentrate in the plants to watch them grow and see how they usually work. <span style="color: yellow; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">. media type="youtube" key="Ak8DLQasT2k?rel=0" height="405" width="500" align="center"

<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"> GRÁFICA SUBIDA A LA WIKI POR: __EMILIO RIESTRA__ <span style="color: #7030a0; display: block; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">__Reflexión Grafica Circular__ <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Una forma que nosotros el equipo 2 del Proyecto PI utilizamos para <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> representar mejor la información, fue haciendo una grafica circular. Al hacer una grafica circular nosotros creemos que pueda ser mejor expresada y entendida la información para nuestros visitantes. Utilizamos el Programa Excel para fabricarla. Ingresamos la información y los datos requeridos, una vez que ya estaba lista y completada elegimos el modelo que nos gustaba para nuestra grafica. Cambiamos el color, tamaño, y agregamos un titulo. Al ver que nuestro trabajo estaba listo y completado subimos nuestra grafica a la wiki. Esperamos que al poner una nueva forma en la cual la información se exprese de otra manera, nuestra wiki pueda adquirir otro nivel de calidad para nuestro trabajo.

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #7030a0; display: block; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">The school divided the members of the team to go to different places and learn about the Pedregal, so here are the reflections that each member of the team has about the places they went to visit.

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"> __<span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Natalia Martínez __ <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"> __<span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ciudad Universitaria Report __ <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #3298b8; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">A long time ago, the universities are mostly concentrated in the center of Mexico City. The president thought he needed instead; a place where all the universities were together. In the last century, the ground around this area which now covers Ciudad Universitaria was covered by volcanic rock. The entire field of Ciudad Universitaria covers 733 acres. In 2007, C.U. was declared a World Heritage. Also, 176.5 hectares, which are the central campus, were declared artistic monument.

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #99cc00; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In 1952, Ciudad Universitaria was inaugurated, but it was not until 1954 that the students occupied it. To build most of the things in it, they used the material that was already there. Some of these materials were: volcanic stone, onyx and glazed brick. The most important building in University City is the rectory, which is in the highest place, though not the highest building. The shield of C.U. represents the Latin-American union with the Andean condor with a Mexican eagle.

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #c0504d; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The mosaic of the central library is composed of colored stones, the only color that the artist didn’t find was blue, and that’s why the blue parts are made of glass. This mosaic are represents scientific theories of Ptolemy and Copernicus. The Ptolemaic theory was geocentric, meaning that the earth is the center of the universe. The theory of Copernicus was eleocentric, this means that the sun is the center of the universe. José Chávez Morado made the representation of science called "The Conquest of Energy". The left side of this representation shows ignorance and darkness. As you see to the right, moving towards the conquest of power and the discovery of the atom. It represents the discoveries of human beings.

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #c4bc96; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In the Olympic Stadium, you can observe a high relief with natural stones. This high relief is entitled "The University, the family and sport in Mexico." The "family" is represented by the Spanish father, Indian mother and child result in a mestizo, charging in his hands the white dove of peace. The "university" is represented by the shield of the UNAM. The "sport" is represented by two athletes lighting the Olympic flame. The stadium is like a crater, because all the stones were removed from the center and put in the surrounding to form a "fence" surrounding the stadium. This stadium was built by: Augusto Pérez Palacios, Raul Salinas and Jorge Bravo Moro.

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ee0077; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">It really caught my attention that most of all the materials they used to build stuff were there at the beginning, such as volcanic stone, that was reused to build many of the things found in Ciudad Universitaria. In this visit I learned many things I wouldn’t have learned if I went on my own. I appreciate this school made this trip, because we also learned a lot from the people that explained to us everything about that gorgeous, huge, incredible place. <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"> <span style="color: #ee0077; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #9bbb59; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">Emilio Riestra <span style="color: #00b0f0; display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;">Botanic and Demonstrative Garden The natural reserve of the Pedregal de San Angel has a demonstrative flower garden. The demonstrative flower garden works for people to know how the flowers of the Pedregal work. There is another garden in the Natural Reserve of the Pedregal called Botanic garden. The botanic garden is the garden that has more care and attention. These two gardens have all plants and trees that live naturally in the Pedregal of San Ángel. A green zone is everything that is covered with the vegetation. Thanks to all the plants and trees of the Natural Reserve of the Pedregal, there are no inundations or flood around because the roots absorbed the water. The green zones that cover Pedregal are helping us too with the amount of contamination. To keep the plants water in dry seasons, this reserve wastes about 20 liters of water by square meter. Ciudad Universitaria has a total of 70,000 square meters, there are 15,000 square meters of green zones, 27, 700 square meters of reserves, and the rest is city. That means that more than half of Ciudad Universitaria are green zones. The Pedregal of San angel is a wild zone that means that its plants have grown by their own without human involucration. When the human race started growing and growing, they needed more land to occupy, each time there are less wild zones in the Pedregal. The “Palo loco” is the most famous plant that exists in the Pedregal de San Angel. It is called “Loco” because its flowers only grow in the dry seasons. Most of the plants in the Pedregal de San Angel grow on top of rocks because they already grow around them. They also have the capacity to keep the water from rains and can resist about 6 months without water. When we were walking and looking at the plants, we saw a “religious mantis” on top of a dry plant, we were very lucky because this mantis used a camouflage color light brown. Inside the reserve, there are some Australian trees called “Eucalyptus” there are causing problems because they are not letting other type of vegetation to grow around them, because of their big roots.

<span style="color: #76923c; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;">Conservatory In the conservatory, they are in charge of investigating the plants to see how their spawns develop throughout the years. Inside the conservatory, the plants are divided by their age. Some special plants have to develop in some sticks called “Burceras”. The plants reproduce through the “ pistilo” (female) and “estambres” (male). The plants of the conservatory of Pedregal are also used to feed the insects.

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"> <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">C <span style="color: #cc00ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">u <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">i <span style="color: #cc00ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">c <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">u <span style="color: #cc00ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">i <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">l <span style="color: #cc00ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">c <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">o <span style="color: #cc00ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">a <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">r <span style="color: #cc00ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">c <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">h <span style="color: #cc00ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">i <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">t <span style="color: #cc00ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">e <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">c <span style="color: #cc00ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">t <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">u <span style="color: #cc00ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">r <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">e

<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Of all the visits our school made last Friday, the Cuicuilco architecture was the place I visited. I really get focused in science, it was my school subject. The Cuicuilco pyramid measures 110 meters of diameter, and 25 meters of high. It was constructed between the years of 800 and 150 a. C., by rock blocks. <span style="color: #cc00ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">First of all we arrived to this awesome place. We walked all around the pyramid and the green areas all around it. Then our guide which name was Marcelino took us to the pyramid’s museum. <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The name Cuicuilco was invented by the Mexicas, it means “Place of dancing and prayer”. Cuicuilco is located in the central highlands of Mexico City. <span style="color: #cc00ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In it, we can find plants such as: fir, huejote, pines, and weeds in the region of forest, alder, pasture, micro flora, willows and tules. There also are animals such as: badger, peccary, coyote, rabbit, mountain lion, bobcat, ringtail, teal, eagle, white-tailed deer, chameleon, and teporingo. <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. All this animals and plants existed in this area before the volcano Xitle exploded. Some of this animals and plants are event extinct. Some of the animals that aren’t extinct and that we can difficult find are: tarantulas, squirrels, opossums, rabbits and rattlesnakes, among others. <span style="color: #cc00ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The people that lived there used tools to help them in their daily life. They used the tools for specialization in the trades, division of work, economy, and organization of the group. Materials used to manufacture them as hammers, knives and scrapers, volcanic stone, obsidian, flint, bone, wood, etc. <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">People <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> in their agricultural work used cane planter or hoe and wooden hoes. <span style="color: #cc00ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The volcanic lava pinned all the Cuicuilco pyramid above 8 to 10 meters. The Archaeologist Jorge Gonzalez Camarena was one of the archaeologists that discover the pyramid and many other things related to this theme. The scientific studied how was it build and it was very difficult because it is a stone above another stone. In 1922 began the excavation. Some people think that between the processes of the excavation there were changes on the original construction, but that’s <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">not true because the archaeologists respected the original form of the pyramid and its structure. <span style="color: #cc00ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">While the visit, all among one side of the pyramid we all saw like a little and creepy opened cave. Our guide Marcelino told us that this opened cave was called “La Kiva”. This opened cave was a kind of stone igloo. It could be an entire, or a mythical cave. In the rocks that formed the opened cave, there were paintings like a mural, but passed the years, it has been fading. In this opened cave numerology is present; there are 13 stones for the base. On their calendar, they were 13 months, 260 days. Marceilno our guide told us that 260 days is equal to 9 months in our calendar and 9 months representing a pregnant woman for theme. <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the way we also saw a very strange plant, it was called “mixote”. This strange plant gives the fruit of the agave. From one of the parts of the plant the Pulque comes from. It`s said that people and the gods used it as a natural elixir of liquor. Also we use the leaves to cover the tamales. <span style="color: #cc00ff; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">One of the things I really liked was that the 21 of march many people gather in the pyramid and stand in front of it. According to the legends are loaded with energy, since that day, the sun is rising and then appear in front of the pyramid. Is a time full of energy and joy to see a beauty so great! <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">On this visit I learned many things. One of the things I learned was that the Cuicuilco pyramid it’s not a pyramid because it has a circular base. Another thing that I learned was that the pyramid is considered the first Mesoamerican calendar. One of the things that gave me a lot of sadness was to see that the pyramid has a long way from digging it all out, but there is no money, as education and culture do not matter in Mexico.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">By: Paloma Fernandez Arsuaga

<span style="color: #3298b8; display: block; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center;">References (Xitle: eruption and environment):

<span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; text-align: center;">Several Authors, “Introducción”, Wild Mammals of Reserva Ecológica del Pedregal de San Ángel, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, México D.F. January 31, 2009. []. (25/01/11) Ariel Rojo y Jorge Rodríguez “El Pedregal: mar de lava, refugio de flora y fauna” La flora del pedregal de San Ángel. Diciembre de 2002. []. (23/01/11) Autor Desconocido. “Xitle” Wikipedia la enciclopedia libre. 13/11/10. []. (26/01/11) Autor Desconocido. “Mapa de Climas” Instituto nacional de estadística y geografía, 2011, [], (24/01/11) María del Carmen Cortez Padilla, “nombre de volcán: Ajusco o Xitle” Volcanes, sin fecha, [], (26/01/11) Autor desconocido, “Pedregal de San Ángel, El fraccionamiento Jardines del Pedregal de San Ángel, La Reserva Ecológica del Pedregal de San Ángel de Ciudad Universitaria ” Wikipedia La Enciclopedia Libre, 26/11/10, [], (24/01/11) <span style="color: #3298b8; display: block; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;">(Conference) Reference Images

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Autor desconocido, “No hay artículo” Google Imágenes, Sin fecha, [], (9/01/11) Autor desconocido, “No hay artículo”, Google Imágenes, Sin fecha,, (9/01/11) Autor desconocido, “No hay artículo”, Google Imágenes, Sin fecha, [], (9/01/11) Autor desconocido, “No hay artículo”, Google Imágenes, Sin fecha, [], (9/01/11)

<span style="color: #3298b8; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #3298b8; display: block; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;">Reference Video <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Fernando Serinya Garza, “ RESERVA ECOLOGICA DE LA UNAM, Pedregal de San Angel.avi”, You Tube, 8/12/10, [], (9/01/11)